Reciprocal and Robertsonian translocations do not normally manifest phenotypically. Meiotic segregation of translocation is achieved by tri- or tetravalent formation. These structures segregate at anaphase in different modes, leading to the production of both balanced and unbalanced gametes and increasing the risk of infertility, miscarriage or livebirth of children with chromosomal abnormalities in translocation carriers.
The review of translocation segregation research results is provided in the article, leading not only to understanding of mechanisms of meiotic segregation of translocations, but also providing the information for reproductive risks assessment.